Cause of drug abuse pdf

Social support serves as a mediating variable between life stress and substance use; that is, the greater the social support, the less likely it is that one needs to use alcohol or other drugs. The peer cluster theory Oetting and Beauvais hypothesizes that the strongest predictive factor for substance use is peer influence. The group with which the individual most closely associates determines where, when, and how alcohol and other drugs are used.

This cluster group also determines the attitudes and beliefs about alcohol and other drugs. The peer cluster theory does not ignore other psychosocial factors; rather, they are seen as background variables that family support , socialization processes e.

Data were collected as part of a longitudinal biannual survey of American Indian high school students. The survey began at the request of the tribal administration because it wanted to better understand how these students were doing academically, socially, and psychologically and to what extent alcohol and other drugs were being used. Although more than 20 percent of all American Indian children attend boarding schools U. Department of the Interior , there are significant differences among tribes and among American Indian boarding schools.

It deals with the research design, study area, study population, sampling, data collection methods, research instruments, ethical issues and limitations. Questionnaires and interviews were used to find out the challenges of drug abuse among the youth in Kawempe division. The study size was a random sampling technique. Seventy 70 youth victims of drug abuse were interviewed, 50 division residents, fifteen 15 local council officials and fifteen 12 opinion leaders staff of Kawempe division head office.

However, purposive random sampling was used targeting both the youth and other respondents who were willing to provide information. The sampling technique of random sampling was used because it ensures that each member of target population has an equal chance of being included in a sample. This was done by considering respondents with full information in Kawempe division who were 10 and 30 respondents with related information. Procedures Questionnaire was administered to the Kawempe division head office staff.

Participation was voluntary. The division staff members explained the nature and purpose of the study and administered the informed consent and questionnaire to other staff members. Other staff members were onsite to assist if necessary. Confidentiality was stressed, and compensation for participants was provided through raffle prizes. A questionnaire read and write, the researcher assistant helped to interpret the questionnaire for the responses from the illiterate respondents.

These are easy to administer and analyze. They can be given out to the respondents and they fill them at their own time thus saving time. Available record at the Kawempe division head office was consulted to give a picture about drug abuse in the community. A brief introduction of some drug abuse participants were presented before moving on the analysis of the data. In order to protect the identity of the participants, numerical numbers are allocated to distinguish the participants.

The study also included the staff of Kawempe division headquarter Kampala district, Kawempe division police headquarter senior officers. Only his father is employed at a shop in town. The mother is not employed. The participant is 15 years old and third born in the family.

He is repeating grade 8. He was introduced to substances by a cousin during his visit in Gauteng province. He was in primary school doing grade 4 at the time. He uses beer, cigarettes and heroin. The first substance that he used was heroin. He is dependent on these substances; using them three times a day; that is in the morning, during the day and at night. He also uses substances during weekends.

His mode of use of these substances includes smoking, inhaling and drinking. He used substances because his cousin introduced him to them; his parents reprimand him a lot at home and because of peer group pressure. These substances were sold in the area where the participant is residing Bwaise 1.

He was the eldest at home. He used tobacco, and alcohol. The modes of use of these substances were smoking and drinking. The reasons for using substances were that he wanted to experiment or taste the substances and friends influenced him to use substances. He was dependent on these substances and uses them in the morning, during the day and at night. He often absented himself from school and joins his friends in the bush to use substances. He and his friends each contributed money to buy the substances, and also used his pocket money to buy substances.

His parents were not aware that he uses substances. He was arrested for stealing computers at a store with his friends. He is currently serving a sentence every Saturday at the Correctional Services. Substances have affected his academic performance. He is repeating the grade and still obtains low marks.

He knows the effects of using substances and regrets his use of substances. He has an uncle who smokes cigarettes. Participant Number 3 is 15 years old, a P. Only his father is employed.

Substances used are alcohol and cigarettes. He uses these substances at the tavern with his friends during weekends. He was dependent on alcohol. His reasons for using substances are ill treatment by his parents, an uncle who was arrested, became sick and who later died, peer group pressure, entertainment and the fact that an uncle introduced him to cigarettes because he asked him to light them for him.

His parents allowed him to go to the tavern. Once he is under the influence of alcohol, he becomes violent and fights with people. He uses his pocket money to buy substances.

His academic performance dropped because of his use of them. He knew the effects of using substances and regrets his use of substances. The table below shows the gender, frequency and percentage of respondents from new Kawempe division head office.

They used substances in Participant 3 s father laughing after smoking marijuana, so I wanted to feel happy Participant 1 and I wanted to enjoy myself during school holidays while visiting Gauteng Participant 1. In addition, one participant started on my own; I thought it was normal or right to use it Participant 5.

Most of the participants reported stress as the cause for their use of substances. One of the participants reported. Participant Furthermore, most of the participants mentioned the function of using substances as relieving stress. Other components of depression described by the like running away Participant 4. Most of the participants indicated that they had problems at home.

As partici had problems at home -treated me, I also saw him beating his wife with an axe, was arrested, released and later died Participant 3 ; I need someone to help me children Participant 4. One participant indicated that he used substances because it helped him with his sleeping problem; others reported that substances helped them to accomplish things that they wanted to and want to do something, drugs give me courage or strength to do things Participant 10 had a problem of bleeding and at home, they told me to smoke cigarette in order to stop my bleeding problem worried a lot about my mother who passed away in the year Most of the participants reported that they were dependent on substances.

Participants described their continu thrice in a day Participant 1, 2, 5, 6, school Participant 9, However, other participants reported that they used substances during Participant s Participant 3. Thus, most of the participants in this study are addicted to drugs.

All the participants were aware that their use of substances also affects other respect others and may do anything wrong Participant 3, 4 ; Participant 7 ; using drugs, he feels like killing someone Participant 4.

In addition, other participants Participant 1 ; and people do bad things forced to keep friends using drugs, otherwise, I would not get things that I need supporting friends doing funny things because they were not going to buy me food, if I had not supported them used drugs, went to steal computers at a shop not far from or village and we were arrested and sentenced for two years Participant 2.

Majority of the participants indicated that substances affect their academic performance and that one may end up dropping from school. Although this finding is among the strongest and most consistent in research on drug use among the youth in Kawempe division, little is known about the characteristics of the networks that constitute these relationships.

Previous studies have found that the affective quality of relationships that users have with friends is at least as close as that of nonusers. Had the present study examined only the intimacy of the relationship of social networks, its conclusion would have been similar to that of prior research.

This research found that users have more intimate or supportive relationships with their friendship network than do nonusers. It also found that user networks are generally as dense as nonuser networks. In addition, it found that although relationships within user networks appear to be more intimate, they are also less stable over time. Interpreting the paradox of drug abuse victims having more intimate but less stable social networks is difficult. The measure of intimacy included items that focused on expressive and instrumental support that friends provide one another.

The fact that users have higher values on this measure may indicate that they need to lean on friends more for this type of help than do nonusers. The need for users to rely on friends for social support may also be a result of a more alternative relationship with parents. Although parental social support was not examined in the current analysis, parents of users were found to be less involved in the social networks of their children.

Hence, although the friendship networks of users may be weaker as evidenced by their transitory nature, users may need to call on their friends for more social support than nonusers, On the other hand, the friendship networks of users are not less multiplex or less dense than those of nonusers.

This study recommends further research undertaking regarding parental support during adolescence. In addition, this study calls for research on substance abuse monitoring devises that can be used in schools to curb substance abuse behavior.

Furthermore, more than one researcher could collect data in order to ensure objectivity during data analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches can be used to gather information about substance abuse among adolescents. By combining both approaches, I could have maximized the strength and minimized the weaknesses of each approach. This may have strengthened the results and contributed to theory and knowledge Morse, In addition, since multiple and diverse observations could be used, the study could have enriched the understanding of the substance abuse problem among adolescents.

However, the volume of data produced, would have been immense and an extremely broad knowledge base was required to analyze it. Most of the participants reported that they bought cigarettes and alcohol from the shops and butchery in their villages including Mulago, Bwaise 2, Bwaise 1 among others.

Other participants indicated that they drank alcohol in taverns. This evidence shows that even though law strictness is employed, some of the tavern owners do not comply with it.

Furthermore, this means that some entrepreneurs do not only sell goods that are stipulated in their business licenses. This has implications for policy makers to strengthen strategies employed to implement, monitor and evaluate policies. In addition, there is a need to educate entrepreneurs, tavern owners, parents, adolescents and community members in rural areas about the Liquor act because they are important stakeholders who may play a role in ensuring that the act is implemented.

They may also assist in reporting cases of non compliance of the Liquor act by some entrepreneurs and tavern owners Liquor Act no. The majority of the participants reported that they used substances in the bush and mountains where no one sees them.

World Health Organization Report V. Akers, R. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Anderson, E. A Place on the Corner. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Conceptual issues in the study of Hispanic delinquency. Research Bulletin. Bandura, A. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. Am Psychol , Bank, B. Comparative research on the social determinants of adolescent drinking. Soc Psychol Q , Beauvais, F. Cultural Identification Scale. Trends in drug use of Indian adolescents living on reservation; I am abuse in youth; a case study of Kawempe division - be one of the respondents and the information provided for this research will be used for study purpose and will be handled with a lot of confidentiality.

Characteristics of respondents Please tick or fill in the correct options. What is your experience about drug abuse in the youth of Kawempe division? From your own observation, which age group is commonly involved in drug abuse in Kawempe division? How do you assess the effectiveness of the police to control drug abuse in Kawempe division?

With addiction treatment designed to heal core issues and effect lasting change, people suffering from addiction can rediscover a life filled with peace, hope, and renewal. Nicole earned her doctoral degree in Psychology with an emphasis on marriage and family therapy at California School of Professional Psychology.

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Many people require detox to help manage withdrawal from alcohol and other drugs. PDF Substance abuse has become a large phenomenon in India in the past two decades affecting all segments of society. The use of alcohol, tobacco, Find. Even if drug addiction originates because of some biological process, recovery from drug use requires people to become motivated to make significant changes.

Addictions like drug addiction are fundamentally a behavior. Psychology is a science that studies human behavior. Most human behavior is a learned behavior. This study uses a functional perspective to examine the reasons young people cite for using psychoactive substances.

The study sample comprised young poly-drug users recruited using snowball-sampling methods. Data on lifetime and recent frequency and intensity of use for alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, ecstasy, LSD and cocaine are presented.

A majority of the participants had used at least one of these six drugs to fulfil 11 of 18 measured substance use functions. Drug misuse, abuse, and addiction can all lead to both short-term and long-term health effects. Addiction is a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by repeated use of drugs, or repetitive engagement in a behavior such as gambling, despite harm to self and others.